Humanities Baroque Essay

Dramatic religious paintings were being made Literature was being written in a way that it will be memorable. The King James version of the Bible had major impacts on the arts. It was finished in 1611 and was considered to be the most important change in English literature and printing (Ryken). It was set to transform the entire English language and keep the emotional influence. â€Å"The new translation of Scripture preserved the spiritual fervor of the Old Testament Hebrew and the narrative vigor of the New Testament Greek† (Fiero 62). The King James Version was a big part of the Baroque period because it was a piece of literature that had heightened emotional words and could actually be understood correctly by the reader. In Baroque artwork, viewers can visualize the emotional impact the painting has. Everything is in action and the painting is like shot in the middle of what’s going on. In Caravaggio’s The Crucifixion of Saint Peter, everything is painted right in the middle of the crucifixion. Saint Peter is not even up yet but in the middle of getting there. The painting is activated and has complex movements. Gravity has a very powerful pull in this picture as well. Viewers can see the emotion in Saint Peter’s face that he is scared but brave. Caravaggio made sure to tell a story in this painting with emotion since you see a poor, innocent, and homeless looking man being crucified. Everything from the guy’s dirty feet and bottom who hoisting up Saint Peter is basically sticking out to the viewer’s face. The three men do not show there face as they crucify Saint Peter and it adds mystery as to who would do such an act. Everything from the nails in Saint Peter’s hands to the dirt on their feet is very real and descriptive. Light is also emphasized in this painting as well because of the black background. The Baroque period and its artwork gave out real emotion while the action is happening. All the tension in one painting is thrown into the viewers’ faces (Fiero). Music in the Baroque period surrounded itself with rhythm, melody, terraced dynamics, texture, and basses. Composers would express emotions and affection in their music and broke away from the Medieval times by using vocal and instrumental music. A famous composer in the Baroque period was Johann Sebastian Bach. He used to mainly do church music but then developed a more musical potential for the concerto form. The best composed song in his career was called The Art of Fugue. â€Å"A fugue is a polyphonic composition in which a single musical theme is restated in sequential phrases† (Fiero). Baroque music brought in emotions and even listeners who don’t even understand the brilliance composition of Bach, can grow a love for his music just listening to it. The Baroque period brought in emotion to everything like literature, paintings, and music. It forever changed literature and the English language for people to understand it better and are able to be moved by the words in text instead of just reading it.

Monster Walter Dean Myers

Monster, by Walter Dean Myers, is about a 16 year old Harlem boy named Steve Harmon. Steve gets tried for murder in a court of law because he supposedly was involved in the burglary/shooting of Mr. Nesbit, the convenience store clerk on December 22. Steve is wrongfully arrested, and spends time in jail awaiting his verdict, which he is found innocent for after a long trial. While in prison, Steve put his time to good use and wrote a play word for word based on his trial. This book falls under the theme of stories that expose limits. This is true because Steve lost all hope in his case, and thought that he will be found guilty for the murder of Mr. Nesbit; however he found thestrength to push through and regain his confidence. Steve's main inspiration was his family because he does not want to look weak in their eyes, especially his younger brother. In addition, Steve has to live in prison for a few months awaiting his verdict; he has to keep up a tough attitude to get through the daily occurrences of beat-downs, molestation and corruption. Prison is even worse for an inmate when they are truly innocent. Steve Harmon is a very strong individual for being able to push through this whole trial without going over the edge; he coped with everything and kept sane by writing his play. Steve Harmon portrays the fear of a teenager who is in prison and portrays a confident teenager who is strong enough to pull through any adversity while having his world thrown upside down. He portrays fear of ones life in prison because the whole book he is trying to get out of prison and to have his life back. He also convinces his lawyer of his innocence and the fact that he was simply in the wrong place at the wrong time. If Steve Harmon had not put any effort in, or did not convince his lawyer he was innocent, he would have rotted for his whole life in a 6 by 8 foot cell. Steve Harmon portraysconfidence because he always believed in his innocence, and would stop at nothing to convince others. Steve's family and lawyer, Kathy O'Brien, motivated Steve to believe in himself because they believed that he could never commit a heinous crime such as murder. I can relate to Steve Harmon because when I was elementary school I did not have much confidence in myself. For example, when I would be in plays I did not like to be on stage and perform. When Steve started his trial he didn't have muchconfidence in himself either. Steve Harmon had such little confidence he thought he was guilty even though he was not. As time progressed, I felt much more confident in myself to take certain risks, try new stuff and make my voice heard. I can thank my parents and friends for this accomplishment. My parents would always encourage me to try new things, speak out, and always tell me I am the best. Steve Harmon gained hisconfidence from his friends and family also, his lawyer always telling him he is going to be ok and he will be tried innocent. What this taught me about myself is family is the most important thing in your life and they can only make your life better.

Business Plan

Mission Statement Sound Noise, a State of Indiana S Corporation, spotlights unconventional music, merchandise and entertainment typically overshadowed by mainstream ideologies. It speaks to the shared experiences of Generation Y and The Urban Trendsetter. It provides fair compensation to its employees, a fair return to its owners, and a fair royalty to its artists.Goals * Establish and grow The Company into a full service record label, merchandising ND multimedia company * Create a steady stream of revenue from record sales, digital sales, merchandising, licensing and live performances Keys to Success * Focus on creating a consistent stream of high quality songs and music related products * solve problems with Independent marketing, promotional and advertising budgets * Ensure products are delivered on time, financial are managed effectively, marketing and promotional budgets are monitored, and develop successful growth strategies * Focus on internet presence and building the foundat ion for a recognizable web brand Financial Requirements Sound Noise (hereafter referred to as The Company) seeks a capital infusion of $100,000 to continue building on the foundation already established by the company. This money will be used to cover costs associated with creating a consistent stream of music related products, marketing, promotion, and working capital necessary to establish and grow The Company into a successful multimedia organization. We plan to repay the balance of this loan amount in the span of approximately three years. We also plan to immediately begin repayment of the loan Interest at a rate of 6% or $500 per month.Further information regarding these procedures is outlined later in this plan. PRODUCTS AND SERVICES Our current sources of income include but are not limited to the following list of products and services: * Retail sales of Cads. DVDs and other multimedia formats * Sales of T-shirts, Jackets, tour books and other promotional merchandise * Royalties and fees earned from performances of recordings on radio and television, on the Internet, in movies, and in commercial venues such as restaurants and nightclubs * Live Performances Recorded Music Sound Noise will spe nd a large portion of their creative energy on writing song lyrics ND composing music.The company commits to producing and recording a steady stream of high quality music for public consumption to equal no less than two songs tots chains, at live shows and over the internet via various online and offline distributors and aggressors. The Company will also sell digital music in the following formats: Complete Album Downloads, Full Track Downloads, Mobile Only Full Track Downloads, Polyphonic Rhinestones, and Arranging Tones. We plan to make these items available through structured licensing agreements with popular online retail (I. E. I Tunes, Music, and Rhapsody). Merchandising ere Company will manufacture and produce a large variety of merchandise at the lowest possible costs.Every piece of merchandise, once sold, becomes a living piece of advertising for our projects, creating a dual benefit for our company and its consumers. These items will include but are not limited to the following: T-shirts, CDC, Posters, Sweatshirts, Hats, Jackets and other collectibles. Live Performance ere Company will focus on live performance venues and the relationships with booking agents as a marketing and advertising supplement to drive record and reassigning sales. Licensing As the owner of the masters and the publisher of our own catalogue of songs, The Company is guaranteed a certain bundle of rights by law. Because we own all the rights, anyone who wishes to use our song must first obtain our permission.A film or IV show needs to borrow only two of these rights: the right to use the actual recording (our master), and the right to use the underlying composition that the master is based on (our song). The permission we give them to use the master is tendered in the form of a contract called a master-use license. The permission we give them to use the song itself is tendered in the form of another contract called a synchronization license. Both these licenses can be combined into one agreement if the publisher and master owner are one in the same. MARKETING PLAN ere Companys marketing will revolve around 4 basic online and offline mediums: Radio, Reviews, Road and Retail.Sound Noise will use the strategies of this plan to attack all four principles simultaneously over the course of the next three years. This Nail determine the true value of The Companys music and validity of our business. To et the most of these 4 mediums we must first prepare a polished and professional press kit and update our online presence. The Company explains in more detail below. The costs for these items are listed in the Start up Cost spreadsheet in the Financial Statement. Professional Press Kit Includes: geography A professional one page biography will be written to provide press, radio and fans with a complete concise story behind the music of The Company. Photo Shoot A full service digital photo shoot will be performed to provide high resolution mages for The Companys Namespace Page, Blob and Press Kits; both online and offline. Electronic Press Kit -An online version of The Companys press kit will be created and maintained to allow for easy access to floggers, Journalist and other press outlets to cover its music. * Download Cards Similar to tunes, this plastic or recycled cardboard business card sized gift cards come with a unique download code to be entered on the web that will collect data about the fan downloading (I. E. ;mail, address, zip code, age, etc. ) * CD Manufacturing Professionally copy of The Companys latest releases. Online Presence * Customized Namespace Layout A new layout will be designed and published at http://www. Namespace. Mom/semiconscious to maximize fan experience and brand exposure on the #1 music discovery destinations on the web. * The Sound Noise Backbone A new Backbone layout will be designed and published to NNW. Backbone. Com/semiconscious. Musicians will also receive their own new designed Backbone page. Backbone will be updated weekly with amps, pictures, video and commentary from The Company. The blob will serve as a two way communication between The Company its fans and stakeholders. Once the professional press kit and updated online presence is complete, The Company will move forward in presenting The Companys products to the mediums that are illustrated and outlined in detail on the following pages.Reviews ere Company will do as much as it can to effectively promote ourselves in the press; however we anticipate the need for a full time publicist. * The Company will pay a full time professional publicist at a rate of $500 per month to secure interviews and reviews in both online and offline publications. The first step in assisting the publicists is to compile a list of appropriate press accounts (I. E. Outlets) in our target racket college press, local magazines and newspapers, fanzines, online press and media, etc. Note that our list will include press that is not primarily focused on music, but which music fans read for example, fashion or auto magazines.Evaluation of our press and publicity efforts will include the monitoring and tracking of single, album and concert reviews, as well as interviews and features regarding our label and its acts. Radio ere Company will do as much as we can to effectively promote our record ourselves to commercial and college radio; however we anticipate the need for an independent radio promoter. The Company will pay a professional college radio promoter at a rate of $500 per month to secure radio spins on BEDS/COM tracked radio stations. In addition, The Company plans to use highly influential online services to market its music to radio. These services will be paid at a rate of $1,000 per month. We will assist the efforts of the radio promoter by creating a comprehensive list of station information. Servicing radio involves providing the MD, PDP, Dos and Promotions/ Marketing Director with full-length CDC and singles, and updating appropriate radio personnel with information on our acts and developments with our label (new leases, upcoming concerts to add to the concert calendar, special promotions in the area, T-shirts, posters, flyers, etc. ). Evaluation of our radio promotion efforts will Include the monitoring and tracking of ads, level of rotation and overall chart statistics (Billboard, BEDS, and College Music Journal). Road En plan to Join The National Association of Campus Activities to maximize the number of paid gigs per year. These shows easily become multi media events a place to sell Cads and other merchandise. * The membership rate for the NCAA is $750 as described in the start section in the financial plan. The Company will also SE online booking agencies to find high profile, paid gig. We will pay those services a total of $500 per month. Retail Marketing While no one element of our marketing mix is more important than the other, we will tie as much of our marketing efforts into retail as possible. The first step will be to build a comprehensive list of music blobs that make sense for The Company. Secondly, we will service the online record stores (I. E. tunes, Rhapsody, music, Amazon MPH, All and more) with current releases, promotional material, and point of purchase advertising. * The cost of distributing The Companys product will be TA rate of $100 per month. Online vs..Offline The Straddle is a term coined by professor/flogger George Howard to explain the difference between online and offline market. The balance act necessary to leverage both worlds is something that is not so often talked about, but one that most successful acts are already doing. * The cost of online and offline advertisement will cost the company $1 500 per month For independent artists, this concept is even more important to grasp. Namespace and other social networks have given rise to a generation of musicians who think they can become an instant success from their opts. Truth is, if you fail to create a real connection with the fans or friends you make online, you will ultimately loose them all offline. Our Street Team The street team is an integral part of The Companys marketing plans, and a significant portion of every artists marketing budget is dedicated to manufacturing promotional items for street team use. The street team will be an extra set of several arms and legs scattered across the country supplementing the efforts of our publicist, radio promoter and general managers. * The cost to properly fund our street team will be $300 per month MANAGEMENT PLAN Brandon Ernest President ; Aaron Fisher Secretary Brandon has managed UPS for 3 years and is looking to take his experiences and knowledge to his own business. He is also musically trained on trombone, guitar, piano, and drums.While Aaron Fisher is a graphic design major looking to take his cameras where ever life leads him. Also equipped with computer gear made by apple overseeing design operations is his dream. Both men are musicians at heart and the music industry is full of heart. Gerard Brooks (aka Rush) UP Operations He is the eldest of 4 children and was raised in a single family home by his mother. His responsibilities, at times, seemed overwhelming in comparison to others his age. His hard knock life bestowed him with a make it happen now attitude. Life has not always been beneficial for him, but deep, perspective thinking and speaking it real is truly evident in his music.Gerard began music Just by making a rhyme for fun in the Once the crowd heard my rhyme, they went wild and I received such an adrenaline rush hence the name Rush. Ralph Kay (aka Picasso) UP of Sales Picasso, the eldest of 3 children, was part of one of the only African American families in the area that had both parents living in the same household. Although a two parent household might sound normal to many people, Ralph understood that it was not at all a normal occurrence. Because of his secure environment, he grew up with a care free, all is right with the world attitude. Nothing seemed to concern or worry him much, still does not. This fosters his ability to paint beautiful pictures with words and use his witty humor along the way.

Show Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Show - Essay Example how is to isolate the contestants and then observe their behavior and interactions with all the other participants as they are completely cut off from the outside world. The eligibility criteria is simple, the individual must be 21 years of age and must be willing to travel at his or her own expense. US citizenship is mandatory and the individual should be fit mentally and physically. The layout of the show requires complete informed consent from the contestants that allows the producers to conduct a full background check. These are some of the eligibility requirements that are set by the CBS Entertainment Corporation. If the requirements are fulfilled then the individual needs to fill out an application form and send in an introductory video, upon receipt of these materials subsequent interviews decides whether or not they get to appear on the show. Their survival in the house under heavy scrutiny takes them a step closer to the cash prize and turns them into a celebrity

Repeal of the Affordable Care Act (Obama Care) Research Paper

Repeal of the Affordable Care Act (Obama Care) - Research Paper Example It would contribute in reducing the abuses of insurance industry. According to the government, the bill will give more protection to American nation on health issues. Children will get more health care as compared to past; there will be no limit for the annual health care for people (Healthcare.gov, 2011). Patients will get preventive services without sharing any cost. Government tends to implement the plan in practice from 2014. Despite all the goods that plan seem to bring in the health care of Americans, there are a lot many reservations in the public (Healthcare.gov, 2011). Middle class suffers more as the tax cut from small businesses and insurance policies would help poor or low-income people to buy policies for them. The plan is aimed at reducing the premium of businesspersons running small businesses to help the needy people. Republicans have rejected the law for not having any constitutional authority and have raised voice for repeal (Healthcare.gov, 2011). The Repeal of the Affordable Care Act (Obama Care) is a pending piece of political legislation and its repealing has many reasons behind it. This paper discusses the issue of repeal of the Affordable Care Act in detail. ...ore, Richard Neal, William Pascrell, Gary Peters , Earl Pomeroy , Linda Sanchez, Allyson Schwartz, Ike Skelton, Fortney Stark, John Tanner, Michael Thompson, Dina Titus, Christopher Van Hollen and John Yarmuth (GovTrack.us 2009). The Republicans who sponsored the Affordable Care Act are Virginia Brown-Waite, Walter Jones and Todd Platts (GovTrack.us, 2009). American Nurses Association, American Medical Association, American Academy of Family Physicians, American College of Physicians, Association of American Medical Colleges, National Association of Community Health Centers, American Osteopathic Association, Catholic Health Association, American Public Health Association, Asian and Pacific Islander American Health Forum, Doctors for America and National Hispanic Medical Associatio n consider the Affordable Care Act as a revolutionary act that keeps the capability of attending all the problems associated with health care (Foster, 2011). According to the mentioned health care communities, repeal of Affordable Care Act will be depreciative for health care services and will take health care back to its backward form (Foster, 2011). Ostensible Objectives of the Legislation According to the legislature, ObamaCare Act has many ostensible objectives. They are to make certain relaxed admittance to emergency facilities, to make certain that all people are insured under the law, to make employers responsible for their employees for the provision of health care insurance services, to ensure betterment of insurance policies by increasing insurance coverage, to make sure that the premiums of insurance are kept low and to impose tax penalties for people with no health insurance (ACEP, 2010). Hidden Agendas or Objectives to the Proposed Law Democrats and republicans both hav e some

King Tut Tomb object 21a-yy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

King Tut Tomb object 21a-yy - Research Paper Example King Clothing presents a puzzle to many researchers. The clothing is among the few artifacts that can give details related to the appearance and physique of the young king. The king clothing was kept in a box that was sealed and kept in the museum, and a little research has been done concerning the same. There have been indications that the king has feminine looks by some researchers. The king clothing showed measurement that was indicating that he had wide hips.Clothing was an important aspect of the king. The clothing was designed in a specific manner for the king and worn in occasions. The king used royal robes during his tenure as king depending on the occasion. The collars were made of precious gems as well as gold. The waist was covered with a white cloth which made a short skirt like the dress. In their bodies, they wore no shirt. The pharaoh armbands and armlets were made of gold and had specific crowns, which were related to their kingdom. This clothing was significant in th eir lives as they showed their power and position.Egyptian kingdom worshipped gods. The pharaohs were given the status of god this happened even after their death. The pharaoh being a god figure was expected to dress in a manner that made him significant among his people. This is the reason why most of the pharaoh’s clothing and other adornments were made of gold.Some of the clothing that was found in King Tut tomb was his personal royal clothing while others were buried with him for different purposes.... The collars were made of precious gems as well as gold. The waist was covered with a white cloth which made a short skirt like dress. In their bodies, they wore no shirt. The pharaoh armbands and armlets were made of gold and had specific crowns, which were related to their kingdom. This clothing were significant in their lives as they showed their power and position (Maggie, 2013). Religious purpose Egyptian kingdom worshipped gods. Each god had its own purpose in the citizen’s life. The pharaohs were given the status of god this happened even after their death. The pharaoh being a god figure was expected to dress in a manner that made him significant among his people. This is the reason why most of the pharaoh’s clothing and other adornments were made of gold (Maggie, 2013). Symbolism Some of clothing that was found in King Tut tomb was his personal royal clothing while others were buried with him for different purposes. The ceremonial robe was one of his royal clothi ng which was used by all pharaohs. His sandals were made of beads and leather. There was a leopard skin cloak and pad of fine linen. Appearance of archer’s gauntlet was an indication that he was a trained archer. This was supposed to help him as he was on his way to the new world. The king was supposed to be buried armed with all requirements for survival in his journey to the next world (Potter, 2011). gods represented in tomb King Tutankhamen’s tomb had a painting of Hathor who was conceived as the goddess of the West. The goddess was supposed to welcome pharaoh to the underworld. Including the cloth in the pharaoh tomb was to make sure that he had sufficient clothes for his journey into the underworld. Other objects that were included in this box included

LOLITA in Conversation with Other Sources.create a well-developed Research Paper

LOLITA in Conversation with Other Sources.create a well-developed argument that challenges our assumptions and deepens our under - Research Paper Example At one point in life Humbert suffers a mental breakdown and upon recovery he moves to a town where he where he get married to Charlotte haze, Dolores’ mother. This is in order to remain close to Dolores or Lolita who is a madly in love or obsessed with. According to Lee and Lee (76), the novel is acclaimed to be an erotic novel that can be interpreted to be a representation of the author’s native country social and political problems. The novel is rich source of various themes that can be explored to create an argument. For the purposes of this paper, the theme or aspect that comes out to the reader of this book is pedophilia, hebephilia or ephebophilia. This can be explained by conflicting thoughts that go through a readers mind when he learns the point of Humber’s attraction and sexual desires. It raises questions of the legality of his actions, and the moral or ethical considerations partaken by the author in writing this novel. Hebephilia is a term used to re fer to sexual preference for individuals with a particular physical appearance of either sex with a strong relevance to the age of that individual ((Nobokov 188). Humbert’s behavior can be considered to be a manifestation of chronophilic preferences which boarders on pedohilia , hebephilia and ephebophelia. All of these classifications concern definition of sexual preferences with people who are below the legal age limit allowed for consensual sex and intimacy. This novel was based on events were happening in the United States (US) during the early 1950s to the late 1950s, and it requires that one look into laws of that period. This is required to understand the protagonist’s thoughts and motivators of his actions. It will be useful in understanding why Humbert did not seem consider the repercussions of his actions towards a minor. It would be important to understand at this juncture, that this period in American history was characterized by the climax of the Civil Rig hts Movement. Thus, it would be appropriate to conclude that individual rights especially those of women, girls and children were not strongly advocated for or protected. This perspective can be used to explain Humbert’s disregard of the fact that he was defiling a minor. The novel illustrates that he was aware of the evil nature of his intentions when he drugs Dolores/Lolita with sleeping pills in order to unknowingly defile when she was asleep. This does not change the fact that he accepted her sexual advances when she initiated sex for the first time. According to the Sexual Violent Predator Act (SVPA) classifications, Humbert fits perfectly into the classification of a pedophile. He exhibits a mental anomaly that predisposes him to having volitional and emotional capacities to commit sexual offences to both adults and minors. In today’s world, people of Humbert’s predisposition are placed on global watch lists of sexual predators in order to increase society ’s protection from such individuals. If an individual qualifies for one of the SVPA conditions and classifications, the law requires that they be committed to civil mental institutions where they receive specialized psychiatric evaluation and treatment for as long as it takes to cure them or reform their behavior. This predisposition was not regarded as mental condition during Humbert’s time, and it is characterized by some states in the US

College Binge Drinking (Penn State and in relation to other studies Essay

College Binge Drinking (Penn State and in relation to other studies done) - Essay Example e this binge drinking phenomena as an issue, researchers have taken productive measures by studying students excessive alcohol consumption, preventative measures surrounding students and excessive drinking, and reasons behind students’ binge drinking. Students at the university have habits that incorporate profound drinking in their lives especially when college students find themselves in social situations where an assortment of alcohol is served. According to the text by Leonard (1999), studies carried out show that groups of students aged 18 to 22 have habits of drinking in college bars and at parties. He further goes ahead to state that normally this is done in three categories of alcohol: beer, liquor or both. This is confirmed by Prevention Progress at Penn State [e-book], whereby we are told that binge drinking dates back to1995 when Graham Spanier became president in the university. The students had the same habits of drinking uncontrollably then and it is with this observation that he began a movement consisting of an alcohol advertising campaign to try and curb it in 1999. On the other hand, in his article, Reifman (2003), claims that statistics carried out shows that about 44% of the Penn State students binge drink and in fact end up in hospitals due to alcohol related problems. Moreover, the article says that Penn State-University Park campus has approximately 45,000 students in the campus alone which enables drinking to become equal to an epidemic in the university. Nevertheless, in the text by Nicoletti, Spencer-Thomas & Bollinger (2010), we are told that freshmen students are an easy target for binge drinking research amongst college students due to their transitioning from high school to college and eagerness to fit in such a new environment. In a research study on prevention and intervention to curtail college binge drinking, alcohol related consequences that happen in the first days of the semester with new students is heavy and goes beyond

Gaps Model of Service Quality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gaps Model of Service Quality - Essay Example As the discussion stresses the Gap Model has focus on all the important components of the service marketing; company, service provider, customer and external communication. It focuses on each component of the quality service operations. Service quality is determines customer satisfaction. It is affected by various internal and external factors. This paper declares that today’s’ scenario companies are adopting several measures to ensure quality service. By service Blueprinting they are mapping all the process, roles of people involved and point of contacts within the organization and with the customer. By Quality Function deployment, all the processes and functions can be aligned with the customers’ requirement at every stage. ASDA is subsidiary of WalMart group. It has 17 % of UK retail market share and it is the one of the biggest retail chain in UK. At June 2004 ASDA had 122,000 employees. Asda has been criticized for misleading advertising, using suppliers who are known to have illegal employment practices, ignoring planning regulations and destroying greenbelt land, lack of serious environmental policy and blatant green wash. ASDA promises to deliver shopping as an experience. From last few months it has been in the news for its unfair employee treatment, external marketing stunts and as an irrespon sible company. The gaps which are visible in ASDA are customer gap, Gap 4 and gap 3.

4 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

4 questions - Essay Example Leadership has been in existence since the traditional times where people elected chiefs and warrior who represented smaller groups of people and has been developed to the kind of leadership today where people elect presidents and governors who represent larger groups. It is the study of knowledge application on action of people, individual actions, and group actions in an organisation. Organizational behavior therefore tends to interpret organizational relationships basing facts on an individual person, a group of individuals, or the whole social system. The purpose of organizational behavior is to improve the relationship among people in an organization by achieving all the objectives (human, organizational and social) at a go. An example of its application is a situation whereby the human resource manager carries out a research to understand the employees so that their personal objectives are achieved while at the same time the objectives of the organization are achieved. Most organizations operate according to the four models of organizational behavior which are autocratic, custodial supportive and collegialization. Politics dates back in the 17th century when leadership was introduced and the competition for the leadership position influenced the rise of politics. Politics can be defined as the influencing other people on a civil level or it can also refer to the process of controlling the community or state in an organized manner. Politics involve things such as influencing people to ones political views, making laws, exercising equality among the people and negotiation with other political subjects. The level of politics depends upon the number of people that the politician is leading and the power that the group has. An example of a political situation is the government of USA where Obama is the president and this is the highest rank of

Using material from Item Essay Example for Free

Using material from Item Essay Religion can be powerful under the right certain circumstances for social change. However it can be argued that religion can be a conservative force. Weber argues that religious beliefs contributed to major social change- specifically the emergence of modern capitalism in Northern Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. Modern capitalism differs from capitalism as it is based on systematic, efficient and a rational pursuit of profit and profit for its own sake rather than consumption. Weber calls this the spirit of capitalism. Calvinism is a form of protestant that was formed during the reformation. Weber argues that it is the Calvinist’s beliefs that helped bring about social change and modern capitalism. For example one of Calvinists beliefs is the idea of predestination; that God has predetermined which souls would be saved. The saved ones are called the elect and individuals could do nothing whatsoever to change whether they were part of the elect. Weber sees that this causes followers to have salvation panic; it was out of their control and knowledge whether they were saved or not, they could do nothing to earn their salvation. Another belief of Calvinists which they introduced is ‘other worldly asceticism’. The only thing Calvinist’s knew of God’s plan for humanity came from the Bible which revealed to them that they are on earth to glorify God’s name by working. Calvinists interpreted this as constant, methodical work in an occupation not in a monastery (other worldly asceticism). Due to Calvinist’s having a this worldly asceticism they worked hard long hours and practised rigorous self-discipline. This worked well as it rewarded them wealth and their success performed a psychological function for followers to cope with their salvation panic. Also due to their driven work force they accumulated wealth efficiently but did not allow themselves to spend it on luxuries. Instead they reinvested into their businesses which grew more and gained more profit which was again reinvested and so on. In Weber’s view this is the very spirit of modern capitalism – where the object is simply the acquisition of more and more money as an end in itself. Calvinism thus brought capitalism into the world. Weber claims that religion does contribute to social change and uses Calvinism as an example. In contrast Marx puts forward an argument that economic and material factors were the driving force of change, not religion. Kautsky, who is a Marxist, argues that Weber underestimates economic factors in bringing capitalism into being. He argues that in fact capitalism preceded rather than followed Calvinism. Similarly Tawney sees that technological change, not religious ideas, caused the birth of capitalism. It was only after capitalism that the bourgeoisie adopted Calvinist beliefs to legitimate their pursuit of economic gain. Furthermore Weber clearly points out that he doesn’t argue Calvinism were the cause of modern capitalism, but was one of its causes. A number of material and economic factors were necessary, such as natural resources, a money economy and a system of law. Weber also notes that other societies with higher level of economic development than Northern Europe had in the 16th and 17th century yet still failed to develop modern capitalism. For example China and India were materially more advanced than Europe but it didn’t take off, he argues that this is due to the lack of religious belief systems, such as Calvinism, that would of meant development occurred. Critics argue that capitalism did not develop in every country where there were Calvinists. For example in Scotland there was a large number of Calvinist followers yet was slow to develop capitalism. Weberians point out that this was due to the lack of investment capital and skilled labour- which supports Webers point that religion simply contributes to social change- does not entirely cause it. Moreover it must be noted that Weber uses secondary data for his argument as he was not alive in this period- this can make his argument invalid as it probably will differ in some way of the truth. Another example of religion being a force for change is the American civil rights movement. Bruce argues that religion was the back bone of this being a success, he believes this due to support that black clergy gave the people. For example the churches provided meeting places and a sanctuary from the threat of white violence, and rituals such as prayer meetings and hymn singing were a source of unity in the face of oppression. In this context Bruce sees religion as an ideological resource – it provided beliefs and practises that protestors could draw on for motivation or support. The civil rights movement becoming involved in secular struggle and helping to bring about change. It achieved this by taking the moral high ground by black clergy pointing out hypocrisy of white clergy who preached ‘love thy neighbour’ yet supported racial segregation. Also the movement had the moral majority which was beneficial as it was motivating for all followers. Bruce also points out an example of the new Christian right which is a protestant fundamentalist movement which aims were extremely ambitious seeking nothing less than to take America ‘back to God’. They wish to make abortion, divorce and homosexuality illegal. This movement was largely unsuccessful in achieving its aims. Bruce suggests this is because; the movement was never a majority (15% of the population at the most) meaning that it lacks widespread support and had strong opposition from groups who believed in freedom of choice. Critics can point out here that religion can fail to bring about social change. However Weber points out that religion can contribute to bring about social change but for change to occur other resources are needed, such as technology. To conclude, Marxists argue that religion is more of a conservative force rather than a contribution to social change. Marx argues that religion allows the bourgeoisie to maintain power over the proletariat in order for a capitalist society to be maintained.

Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Essay Example for Free

Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Essay WHAT IS FAST MOVING CONSUMER GOODS (FMCG)? FMCG (fast moving consumer goods) is a term that is used to refer to those goods which are sold through retail stores. These goods have a short period of shelf life and as such are used up within days, weeks, or months. TOP 7 FAST MOVING CONSUMER GOODS 1. PROCTOR GAMBLE: Headquartered at Cincinnati in Ohio, United States, Procter and Gamble is a Fortune 500 American multinational company. It was founded in October 31 1837 by William Procter and James Gamble. Its flagship and best selling brand is ARIEL laundry detergent which was launched in 1967. This detergent is available in different variants. The company also manufactures other best selling products that are highly popular around the world. 2. NESTLÉ: Nestle is a Swiss multinational engaged in the production of different food products. It has its presence in more than 100 countries. It produces several top selling products in different food categories. Some of its best selling products are LEAN CUISINE, Maggi, Boost, Kit Kat, Friskies, and Nescafe etc. 3. UNILEVER: Unilever is a multinational engaged in the manufacture of different products like foods, personal grooming products, detergents and beverages etc. This British-Dutch company is the owner of over 400 leading brands in the world out of which 13 are billion dollar brands. One of its top products is  AVIANCE which is a beauty product for women. This product is sold in many countries of Asia, Latin America and the Middle East. 4. COCA-COLA: Coca-Cola Company which is based in Atlanta in Georgia manufactures the worlds most popular soft drink COCA COLA. It was Dr. John S. Pemberton who created this drink in 1886. Coca Cola touched base in every part of the US by 1895. The company began its franchisee operations in 1899 and gradually it opened up bottling plants in every corner of the globe. The universal popularity of Coca Cola is undisputed. The Coca Cola syrup mixed with carbonated water created ripples everywhere and today you can get a Coke in any part of the world. 5. PEPSICO: PepsiCo was created out of the amalgamation of two companies named Pepsi Cola and Frito Lay. The company which was formed in 1965 has its headquarters at Purchase in Harrison New York. It is a Fortune 500 company. PepsiCo is engaged in the manufacture of snack foods (grain based), beverages and other similar products. One of its best known brands is the cola beverage PEPSI-COLA. Created in 1893 its former name was Brads Drink. 6. BRITISH AMERICAN TOBACCO: Another multinational tobacco major is the British American Tobacco company which is the worlds second largest tobacco company. It sells its tobacco products in several top markets across the globe. Many world-famous cigarette brands are manufactured by BAT. One of its top selling cigarette brands is PALL MALL. Some other leading cigarette brands manufactured by the company are Dunhill, Kent, Lucky Strike and Vogue. 7 NOKIA: Nokia is a Finnish multinational engaged primarily in the manufacture of  mobile telephones. The company has its headquarters at Keilaniemi, Espoo which is near Helsinki, the capital of Finland. This mobile communication giant is the largest manufacturer of mobile telephones in the world. Its products are sold in every part of the world. Nokia has launched many innovative mobile systems and almost all its products have been hot sellers.

The Neoclassical Synthesis Hicks Economics Essay

The Neoclassical Synthesis Hicks Economics Essay Those who are strongly wedded to what I shall call the classical theory, will fluctuate, I expect, between a belief that I am quite wrong and a belief that I am saying nothing new. It is for others to determine if either of these or the third alternative is right. (ÃŽÅ ¡eynes, General Theory, p. v) It is usually considered as one of the most important achievements of the Keynesian theory that it explains the consistency of economic equilibrium with the presence of involuntary unemployment. It is, however, not sufficiently recognized that, except in a limiting case to be considered later, this result is due entirely to the assumption of rigid wages and not to the Keynesian liquidity preference. (Modigliani, 1944, p. 65) 11.1 Introduction Many economists, soon after the publication of the General Theory (1936), set out to formulate and, at the same time, to clarify the difficult and often confusing content of the book. Among the first models that were specified was that of John Hicks (1937 and 1983), which was to constitute the backbone of what today came to be known as macroeconomics.  [1]  In his article Hicks sought to express the central propositions of the General Theory in terms of equations and graphs in the effort to illuminate the relation between the theory of effective demand and liquidity preference. Furthermore, Hicks clarified these relations with the aid of two curves the SI and the LL, which later became known as the IS-LM curves. Hickss model became particularly popular in the US through the work of Paul Samuelson (1948) initially and subsequently through Alvin Hansen (1953). These two economists contributed more than anybody else to the popularisation of the Keynesian analysis and way of thought. The IS-LM conceptual apparatus has displayed remarkable longevity and resilience to various critiques and since the late fifties or early sixties continues to be part of the formal education of economists. At the same time, the IS-LM model plays a significant role by virtue of the fact that macroeconomic analyses, regardless of the approach, are cast to a great extent, in terms of the IS-LM representation of the economy. This is not to imply that the IS-LM model is without its problems; on the contrary, many economists expressed scepticism on the validity of the IS-LM as a representation of the General Theory and the way in which the economy works.  [2]   In what follows we present and evaluatse the Hicksian IS-LM model and continue with Keyness reaction to the Hicksian restatement of the General Theory. Next, we introduce Modiglianis version of the Keynesian model and the chapter ends with some concluding remarks. 11.2 Hickss Analysis of IS-LM Hickss analysis focuses on the relation between savings and investment and seeks to establish the simultaneous determination of income and the rate of interest in both the real and monetary economy. According to Keyness analysis in General Theory income constitutes the principal variable in his analysis; nevertheless one would continue to be in the spirit of Keynes by considering the important role of the rate of interest. Thus, Hicks argued that investment (ÃŽâ„ ¢ ) is a function of the rate of interest (i ) and also income (Y). Formally, we write the following function: I=I(i, Y) Similarly, for the saving function (S ), we have: S=S(i, ÃŽÂ ¥) The equilibrium condition is: I=S From the above equality, we derive the following particular functional formalisation, which is called IS and it is defined as the locus of points that determine a relation between the rate of interest and the level of income, when investment and savings are equal to each other. The IS curved is formed in the way we show in Figure 1, where we have the saving and the investment functions for each income level. i i2 i2 i1 I1=S1 I2=S2 I, S Y1 Y2 Y i A A B B I(Y1) I(Y2) S(Y1) S(Y2) IS (a) (b) Figure 1. Equilibrium in the Goods Market and the IS Curve Let us suppose that we are in an initial equilibrium point such as A and let us further suppose that income increases from Y1 to ÃŽÂ ¥2. It follows that the savings and investment schedules-both have positive their first derivatives with respect to income-shift to the right and their intersection at point Î’ determines the new equilibrium point. It is important to stress that the savings function is much more sensitive to variations in income, and therefore it shifts to the right by more than the investment function.  [3]  The two equilibrium points (i1, Y1) and (i2, Y2) are portrayed in Figure 1(b). In a similar fashion, we generate a series of such points, which when connected form the IS curve.  [4]   Hicks furthermore incorporates in his analysis the money market, where the supply of money (M) is exogenously determined, i.e., ÃŽÅ“=ÃŽÅ“0 /P, where ÃŽÅ“0 is the exogenously given nominal money supply and P is the price level. The demand for money depends on income and the rate of interest, i.e., L=L(i, Y). By invoking the balancing condition M=L, we arrive at M0=L(i, Y ) Figure 2 illustrates the equilibrium position in the money market, where the supply of money, for reasons of simplicity and clarity of presentation, is depicted with a vertical line indicating its exogenous character.  [5]  The demand for money, as we know, is inversely related to the rate of interest, a relation whose details have been analysed in the previous chapter. When income increases it follows that much more liquidity is required for the needs of transactions and therefore the interest rate will increase for any given level of money supply. In terms of a graph we have: (a) (b) M=M0/P L1(Y1) L2(Y2) LM Y i i i1 i1 i2 i2 M/P Figure 2. Equilibrium in the Money Market and the LM Curve We observe that with the supply of money given the demand for money for transaction purposes is directly related to income. The crucial question here is that while we refer to the money market the discussion is in terms of the bond market. In particular, we know that the excess demand for any good leads to an increase in its price until excess demand becomes zero and thus we get the equilibrium point. Since in the case of money market the equilibrium interest rate is derived in the market for bonds (see ch. 9), then how can the same interest rate equilibrate the money market? In Keyness analysis it seems that there is an implicit portfolio stock exchange constraint, which can be written as follows: (L M ) + (Bd Bs) = 0 Where Î’ symbolises the bond market, while the superscripts d and s symbolise the demand for and the supply of bonds, respectively. Consequently, we have the total demand for wealth (L + B d) equal to its supply (M + Bs). If we, further, suppose Walrass Law, then the above equality necessarily holds and if the rate of interest brings equilibrium in the market for bonds then on the basis of Walrass Law we conclude that equilibrium will be also established in the money market, that is L = M. As a consequence, we can follow Keynes, who argued that interest rates are determined in the money market. Because of the Walras Law, equilibrium in the bond market and equilibrium in the money market is one and the same. If, for example, i > i*, then Bd > Bs and because of the stock constraint we get L Returning to the above equilibrium relations, we end up with a system of four equations and four unknowns: Y, i, I, S. The equations IS and LM represent the reduced form of the above system of simultaneous equations, whose solution gives the equilibrium income together with the equilibrium interest rate. In the same figure, we present the interest rate that corresponds to the liquidity trap (iLT), where the demand for money is infinitely elastic. Consequently, the LM curve is essentially the solid line. i IS LM Y iLT i* Y* A B S>I M S>I M S M>L I II IV III S M>L Figure 3. Equilibrium in the Market for Goods and Money The intersection of the two curves at point B determines the equilibrium pair of interest rate and income. Any point above the IS curve indicates excess supply of goods and every point below the IS curve indicates excess demand for goods. As for the LM curve, every point to the right indicates excess demand for money and every point left to the LM curve indicates excess supply of money. The intersection of the two curves defines four quadrants, which are portrayed in Figure 3 above and in each quadrant we indicate the excess demand or supply in the goods and money markets. The mechanism that establishes equilibrium in the economy works as follows: let us suppose that for some reason the economy is out of equilibrium at a point on the quadrant II. In such a case, savings exceed investment and thus income has a tendency to decrease, while the demand for money is greater than the supply and the interest rate tends to increase. The changes are expected to lead the economy towards equilib rium at point B. In an analogous way, we can describe the mechanism that restores equilibrium at points in the other quadrants and this is left as an exercise. 11.3 Hicks and Keynes Hickss article was published in 1937, eight months after the publication of the General Theory. Keynes already knew the content of the article since he was among the first that the article was given to for comments before its publication to the Economic Journal. Keynes never disapproved directly and explicitly the presentation in terms of the IS-LM apparatus. Don Patinkin (1922-1995) in a series of articles argues the fact that Keynes never said anything negative for the formalisation of his theory by Hicks and that this ipso facto implies an adoption of this presentation on his part (Patinkin, 1990). If Keynes disagreed then he would have every reason to emphatically express his disagreement. After all Hickss presentation in a sense was provocative, since Keyness General Theory in it was viewed as a special case of the neoclassical true general theory. Post Keynesian economists claim that the fact that Keynes did not exercise a negative critique can be attributed to his idiosyncrasy that would not pay attention to anyones writings which might concern his General Theory. On the other hand, Keynes did not have any reason, to express, at least in the beginning, his strong disagreement to Hickss presentation. It is possible that he did not think that Hickss article would meet the success that it finally met (Put footnote 6 here).  [6]  It is certain that he disagreed with Hickss view as this can be judged by a careful reading of his correspondence with Hicks and from the article that he wrote in the Quarterly Journal of Economics (1937), where he summarised his views. Specifically, he placed special emphasis, once again, on the fact that economies are characterised by uncertainty. Hickss approach, is characteristically different from that of Keyness. We know from Pasinetti (1973) that Keynes followed a sequential analysis starting from the marginal efficiency of capital, and then to the interest rate, to investment and through the investment multiplier to the equilibrium level of income. By contrast, in Hicks, all of the above take place simultaneously, as we show in Figure 3. Furthermore, Hicks in his formulation of the demand for money refers to a single interest rate. In the General Theory, however, we know that Keynes refers to two interest rates, the current and the expected in the long run. Consequently, Keyness analysis is in sharp contrast to Hickss and on top of all we have the issue of uncertainty that permeates the General Theory and is completely absent in Hickss presentation. Another important difference is that Hicks does not refer to the problem of unemployment equilibrium which is so central in Keynes-and really differentiates him from the classics-. Instead, Hicks locates the difference between Keynes and the classics to the interest rate and the issue of whether it increases with investment or not (Barens and Caspari, 1999, p. 219). According to Hicks, in periods of stagnation the interest rate is particularly low and under these circumstances speculators are not willing to hold non-liquid assets; consequently, their demand for money is so high that it absorbs whatever quantity of money is available. Thus, every increase in the supply of money is counterbalanced by a corresponding increase in the demand for money and the rate of interest remains constant. Monetary policy therefore is completely ineffective and it cannot restore the economy to full employment equilibrium. Hicks notes, there are conditions in which the interest-mechanism will not work. The special form in which this appears in the General Theory is the doctrine of a floor to the rate of interest [the liquidity trap] as Sir Dennis Robertson has called it. (Hicks, 1957, p.287) If we suppose that the economy is in the liquidity trap  [7]  , then a monetary policy, regardless of how active it might be, cannot shift the economy beyond the initial equilibrium point. In terms of Figure 4, if the economy is in equilibrium at point A, an expansionary monetary policy will shift the LM curve, for example to the position LM΄, with no consequence what so ever for the initial equilibrium position. LM LM A B C IS IS IS Y i iLT Figure 4. Equilibrium in the Markets for Goods and Money Consequently, Hicks in his model claims that the General Theory is not so general as Mr. Keynes thought, but rather a special case of the neoclassical theory, where the liquidity trap has a prominent position. The truth, however, is that the idea of the liquidity trap is very hard to pin point in the writings of Keynes; of course, there are some sporadic hints in the General Theory, as for example is the following: There is the possibility, for reasons discussed above, that, after the interest rate has fallen to a certain level, liquidity-preference may become virtually absolute in the sense that almost everyone prefers cash to holding a debt which yields so low a rate of interest. In this event the monetary authority would have lost effective control over the rate of interest. But whilst this limiting case might become practically important in future, I know of no example of it hitherto. (Keynes, 1936, p. 207)  [8]   However, Keynes does not discuss this case in any detail so as to claim that this is the hallmark of his theory. What is certain, however, is that the liquidity trap is more Hickss and subsequently Hansens (1953, pp. 122-3) idea rather than Keyness.  [9]  Consequently, the view that the liquidity trap is the essence of Keyness theory is due to the influence that the Hicksian model exerted on macroeconomics and much less to Keynes and his writings. Suppose, now, that for some reason investment increases, and then the increase in the rate of interest follows suit, a result which is consistent with neoclassical theory and with Hickss argument. It is true, that in Keynes the arrow of causality is different from that in neoclassical economics. However, it continues to be true that, under normal conditions, the interest rate increases when investment increases except for the case of the liquidity trap, where only income changes in every change in investment. The trouble, however, with Hickss view is that for Keynes the rate of interest is determined by monetary forces, while in the IS-LM framework the interest rate is determined by real forces. This is an issue that Keynes pointed out in his letter to Hicks. For example we read: From my point of view it is important to insist that my remark is to the effect that an increase in the inducement to invest need not raise the rate of interest. I should agree that, unless the monetary policy is appropriate, it is quite likely to. In this respect I consider that the difference between myself and the classicals lies in the fact that they regard the rate of interest as a no-monetary phenomenon, so that an increase in the inducement to invest would raise the rate of interest irrespective of monetary policy. (Keynes, 1973, p.80) A final point relates to the inclusion of current income in the investment function. Keynes objected to this idea for the reason that income was already included in the definition of the marginal efficiency of capital through the prospective yields. The following quotation from his letter to Hicks, shows that Keynes was not only acquainted with the IS-LM apparatus but also as a modern econometrician argued against the inclusion in the same specification of both income and interest rate. Specifically, Keynes notes: At one time I tried the equations, as you have done, with I in all of them. The objection to this is that it overemphasizes current income. In the case of the inducement to invest, expected income for the period of investment is the relevant variable. This I have attempted to take into account of in the definition of the marginal efficiency of capital. As soon as the prospective yields have been determined, account has been taken of income, actual and expected. But, whilst it may be true that entrepreneurs are over-influenced by present income, far too much stress is laid on the psychological influence, if present income is brought into such prominence. It is of course, all matter of degree. (Keynes, 1973, pp. 80-81). Barens and Caspar (1999) in their discussion of Hicks and Keynes note that while Hicks accepted all of Keyness points he nevertheless insisted in his own formulation for merely pedagogical reasons. 10.4 Modiglianis Synthesis Hickss model does not refer explicitly to the labour market; it is simply confined to demonstrating that there is equilibrium in only two markets that is the market for goods and the market for money. In his model, Hicks explicitly argues that the money wage as well as the general price level are exogenously given. Franco Modigliani (1944) extended Hickss model by including the labour market and the production function. Modigliani argued that the assumption of equilibrium with unemployment cannot be supported on the basis of the liquidity preference theory except for the particular case of the liquidity trap. In general, however, the Keynesian hypothesis can be supported on the assumption of the rigidity in the money wage. For Modigliani, the equilibrium in terms of the IS-LM model implies a pair of interest rate and money income that clears simultaneously the money and good markets. Consequently, we must take into account that the money income (ÃŽÂ ¥ ) is equal to the price level (P ) times the level of the real income (X ). As a result, we may write: Y=PX The level of real income (or output) is a function of the level of employment of labour (ÃŽÂ ). Consequently, we have: X=F(ÃŽÂ ) The level of employment in turn is determined at the point, where the marginal product of labour is equal to wage. Consequently, we have: w=PF-1 (ÃŽÂ ) Up until now we have a system of 7 equations (the three equations above together with the system of 4 simultaneous equations of the IS-LM) with 8 unknowns, that is I, S, i, Y, X, W, P. More specifically, we have the 4 equations of Hickss model: I=I(i, Y) S=S(i, Y) I=S M=L(i, Y) And the three new equations suggested by Modigliani: Y=PX X=F(ÃŽÂ ) w=P F -1(ÃŽÂ ) The system is overdetermined by one equation, the missing equation is the supply of labour. Modigliani in his article invokes Keyness assumption of the given money wage. More specifically, the money wage is given if, and only if, the economy is at a level of output less than full employment. We know that in the neoclassical analysis the supply of labour is a function of the real wage N=F(w/P) so the money wage can be written as w=F-1(N)P Formally, Modigliani stated his condition in the labour market in the following way: w=awo +bPF -1(ÃŽÂ ) Where, a=1, b=0 if ÃŽÂ  a=0, b=1 if ÃŽÂ  = ÃŽÂ f The last equation indicates that if the current employment in the economy is smaller than full employment (ÃŽÂ f ), then Keyness view for the rigidity of money wage holds indeed, that is we have (a=1 and b=0). Money wage is viewed as a datum a result of history or of economic policy or of both (Modigliani, 1944, p. 47). If, however, the economy is at full employment, then the money wage becomes flexible (a=0 and b=1) and the last equation becomes an ordinary supply of labour function. Consequently, the money wage will be determined from the supply of labour at the point of full employment. In Modiglianis presentation we find that the central assumption is the rigidity of the money wage, an assumption which, as with the liquidity trap does not really find any justification in the General Theory, where the nominal wage is being used simply to determine the price level. By contrast, in Modiglianis presentation the nominal wage has another important role to play. This is revealed if we express Modiglianis system of simultaneous equations in terms of wage units or alternatively in terms of labour commanded.  [10]  Thus, we have: investment is given in terms of labour commanded savings is given in terms of labour commanded equilibrium in the goods market equilibrium in the money market income given in terms of labour commanded the production function, which is by definition in real terms the real wage is equal to the marginal product of labour the supply of labour Hence, we have a system of 8 equations and 8 unknowns (I/w, S/w, i, Y/w, ÃŽ, N, w, P ). If, for a moment, we disregard the fourth equation and focus our attention on the remaining 7 equations, we observe that these can determine all the variables but one, that is the money wage. The result is that the supply of money determines the money wage; since this is the only variable that remains to close the system. Such a determination is due to the quantity theory of money. Consequently, Modiglianis system of equations is dichotomised into the real economy-which includes all the equations except the fourth one-and the money economy, that is the equation of equilibrium in the money market. The real economy gives solutions in real terms (7 equations with 7 unknowns, that is I/w, S/w, i, Y/w, X, N, w/P) while the money supply: determines the nominal wage, since the other variables are determined in the real economy. Consequently, the money supply determines the nominal wage and through the real wage it also determines the general price level. Thus, monetary policy may affect real magnitudes in the Keynesian model, contrary to Hickss reasoning according to which the money supply does affect the real economy. Modiglianis analysis leads to the conclusion that flexibility in prices and money wages establishes full employment in the economy. The mechanism that restores full employment works as follows: the existence of unemployment drives down nominal wages and therefore incomes fall. The demand for money for transaction purposes, being directly related to income, falls as well, and with a given supply of money the rate of interest falls as well. From thereon investment increases and the economy moves toward the full employment level of output. Modigliani managed to formalise Keyness argument about the results of the flexibility in money wages. It is important to stress that the pivotal variable in this formalisation of the theory of employment is the idea of inflexibility of money wage. A corollary of this theory is that the role of money is not neutral. For example, the increase in the supply of money affects the price level and reduces the interest rate and thus output and employment are increased. If the nominal wage were perfectly flexible, then moneys role would be neutral since it does not influence the interest rate i, or the liquidity preference L and output remains the same. Consequently, under conditions of a fully flexible nominal wage the increase in the supply of money leads only to an increase in the general price level. Consequently, ÃŽÅ“odigliani concludes that Keyness theory works only in case of inflexibility of the nominal wage. If, however, the money wage is flexible then we derive the usual neoclassical results, where the real economy determines the level of output and employment and the money economy determines the nominal variables of the economy. This does not imply a rejection of Keyness theory; on the contrary, economists accept the idea of inflexibility of the money wage as a stylised fact of modern economies and thus, Keynesian policy is viewed as both theoretically valid and necessary. The problem, however, relates to the theoretical consistency of the Keynesian system that once again became a special case of the general neoclassical model according to which the economy exhibits a sufficient flexibility in prices of commodities and the factors of production. 10.5 Summary and Conclusions In an overall evaluation of the two models we see that they both represent aspects or partial arguments of the General Theory. Nevertheless their major problem in terms of the General Theory is the simultaneity issue and also the treatment of uncertainty. In Hickss article we find an explanation of unemployment and recession as a result of the liquidity trap, which differentiates Keyness theory from the (neo)classical one. In Modigliani, by contrast, the recession is the result of the inflexibility of money wage and not of the lack of effective demand. Commenting on this kind of revision of the General Theory Paul Samuelson in the third edition of his popular text Economics, notes: In recent years 90 per cent of American economists have stopped being Keynesian economists or anti-Keynesian economists. Instead they have worked towards a synthesis of whatever is valuable in older economics and in modern theories of income determination. The result might be called neoclassical economics and is accepted in its broad outlines by all but about 5 per cent of extreme left-wing and right-wing writers. (Samuelson, 1955, p. 212). These efforts to cast Keynesian theory in terms of IS-LM, Samuelson called neoclassical synthesis, since it puts together the neoclassical analysis of investment and savings and the market for labour with the analysis of Keynes about the interaction between the money market and the real level of economic activity. The neoclassical synthesis became the dominant presentation of the General Theory. According to this view, when there is unemployment, then we have Modiglianis supply of labour function with a=1 and b=0, and as a result of the exercise of appropriate monetary and fiscal policy the economy approaches the level of full employment. When the economy approaches the level of output that corresponds to full employment, then once again the neoclassical theory becomes relevant. If our central controls succeed in establishing an aggregate volume of output corresponding to full employment as nearly as is practicable, the classical theory comes into its own again from this point onwards. (Keynes, 1936, p. 378) In general, economists of the neoclassical synthesis argue that although the economy returns to full employment through the price mechanism, nevertheless this is a long run process. Consequently, for immediate results active fiscal and monetary policies are necessary. Modiglianis ideas, which became the foundation of the neoclassical synthesis, and which essentially constitute a Marshallian partial equilibrium approach, became the object of criticism from Walrasian authors. They posited the following question: how is it possible to have equilibrium in all the markets but one? The protagonists of this critique of the neoclassical synthesis are Alex Lejonhufvund and Robert Clower, whose contributions we discuss in the next chapter. Other criticisms included the phenomena of unemployment and later of the stagflation in the late sixties or seventies. Some economists, the monetarists for example, tried to fix the weaknesses of the model and others such as the New Classical economists claimed that the premises on which the IS-LM framework is based are dubious, while New Keynesian economists in the 1980s revived the old Keynesian models by injecting realism and by basing them on microeconomic foundations which simply were not used in the initial models. Whatever happens to the current macroeconomic debates and the various criticisms launched against the IS-LM models, one thing is certain, that these will continue to be part of the formal education of future generations of economists. Questions for Discussion and Thought Write down the Hicksian system of equations. Draw a graph with the IS-LM system of equations and assuming a disequilibrium situation describe the dynamics of attaining equilibrium. To what extend does Hickss model represent Keyness General Theory? What was Keyness reaction to Hickss IS-LM representation of the General Theory? Discuss Modiglianis Neoclassical Synthesis. To what extent does his model differ from Keyness? What are the major similarities and differences between Hickss and Modiglianis models? Critically evaluate the following statement: I will assume all markets with the sole exception of the labour market are in equilibrium. Notes on Further Reading Hickss (1936) article is easy to follow, but the exposition of ideas (not visions) is really dry. The reader discerns an effort on the part of Hicks to express Keyness ideas in terms of equations and graphs without, however, the proper textual documentation. As we have mentioned, at the time that Hicks presented his article in the econometric society meeting at Oxford, two other related papers were presented in the same meeting by Meade and Harrod. Darity and Young (1995) present the details of these three articles a

The Sociat Costs and Benefits of a Fast Food Industry Essay -- Papers

The Sociat Costs and Benefits of a Fast Food Industry There are many social benefits to a fast food industry. Firstly, it’s the accessibility and convenience of having the fast food restaurants – they’re located practically everywhere. The service is also fast, hence â€Å"fast food† and therefore maximizing the convenience of them to consumers. Most of the time, the products of the fast food industry are cheap, tasty and therefore have good value for the product. The existence of so many fast food restaurants also means lots of play areas for children (as there are very few playgrounds in most places, the some industries such as McDonalds have playgrounds) and also social areas to â€Å"hang out† in, for young adults. The existence of these industries also benefits the government (as they provide lots of employment opportunities to local people and thus reduce any unemployment problems). As well as providing jobs into their business, they also provide jobs into other businesses related to them. For example as the fast food industry increases the suppliers increase and expand and therefore they create more jobs for other people. As well as this, the expansion of the fast food industry also means increase in taxes which help the economy and government. The fast food industry may also sponsor local charities or sports teams, which benefits society. However, there are also many social costs in the existence of the fast food industry. These costs include health, choice and culture costs. Health-wise, the existence of the fast food industry means the existence of deep-fried, salty and ultimately unhealthy food. Many people don’... ... certain areas. Culture is also being affected badly by the expansion of the fast food industry. There’s the globalization issue. The fast food industry expands worldwide which damages local restaurants and national culture – as the restaurants with local traditions are being driven out. One example of this is McDonald’s golden arc versus the Christian cross. It has been proven that the golden arc is recognized more often than t he Christian cross. By comparing the social benefits and the social costs of the existence of the fast food industry, it can be seen clearly that social costs outweigh the social benefits of the fast food industry. It is shown that the community suffers much more than it benefits from fast food restaurants. Therefore society is worst off with the existence of the fast food industry.

Tupac Shakur :: Art

Tupac Shakur Tupac Shakur, in my thoughts, is the best rapper there is. Tupac Amaru Shakur was born on June 16, 1971. He was born in New York. Tupac Amaru are Inca words. Tupac Amaru means a "shining serpent." Shakur means "thankful to God," and that came from the Arabic language. When Tupac was 12 years old, his first performance was a play "A Raisin in the Sun." In that play Tupac played Travis. In June of 1986, Tupac’s family moved to Baltimore from New York. That is where Tupac wrote his first rap. 3 months later Tupac attended Baltimore School for the arts. That is where he studied ballet and acting. About two years later Tupac moves west of the United States to Marin City, California. He moved in with a neighbor and then he began to sell drugs. In 1990 Tupac joins Digital Underground a record label where he was a dancer and a rapper. At the beginning of 1991 Tupac makes his album debut on his new label Digital Underground. In November of 91 2Pacalypse Now was released. Shortly after his 2Pacalypse release. Tupac charged a lawsuit of 10 million against an Oakland Police for brutality after being arrested for jaywalking. On January 17, 1992 Tupac makes his first movie appearance in Ernest Dickenson’s Juice, where he played a betrayal role of Bishop. On September 22nd, Vice President Dan Quayle accused that Tupac’s 2Pacalypse Now "has no place in our society." Next year on February 1, 1993 Tupac came out with another album. Once it was released it went platinum. It went platinum on April 19, 1995 along with 2Pacalypse Now but that went gold only. On July 23, 1993 Tupac makes his second movie appearance on John Singleton’s Poetic Justice. Just before filming the movie Janet makes 2Pac take an HIV test before kissing him in any scenes. On Halloween of 93’ 2Pac gets arrested for shooting two-off duty police officers from Atalanta. 2Pac said that he was harassed as a black motorist. The charges were dropped. During the end of November 94’ while 2Pac is on trial for sex and weapons he was robbed $40,000 of jewelery and was shot five times. The $40,000 worth of jewelery was stolen in a recording studio in Times Square. The robbers had stole 2Pac’s $30,000 diamond ring and $10,000 of gold chains. They left his diamond-encrusted gold Rolex. Tupac Shakur :: Art Tupac Shakur Tupac Shakur, in my thoughts, is the best rapper there is. Tupac Amaru Shakur was born on June 16, 1971. He was born in New York. Tupac Amaru are Inca words. Tupac Amaru means a "shining serpent." Shakur means "thankful to God," and that came from the Arabic language. When Tupac was 12 years old, his first performance was a play "A Raisin in the Sun." In that play Tupac played Travis. In June of 1986, Tupac’s family moved to Baltimore from New York. That is where Tupac wrote his first rap. 3 months later Tupac attended Baltimore School for the arts. That is where he studied ballet and acting. About two years later Tupac moves west of the United States to Marin City, California. He moved in with a neighbor and then he began to sell drugs. In 1990 Tupac joins Digital Underground a record label where he was a dancer and a rapper. At the beginning of 1991 Tupac makes his album debut on his new label Digital Underground. In November of 91 2Pacalypse Now was released. Shortly after his 2Pacalypse release. Tupac charged a lawsuit of 10 million against an Oakland Police for brutality after being arrested for jaywalking. On January 17, 1992 Tupac makes his first movie appearance in Ernest Dickenson’s Juice, where he played a betrayal role of Bishop. On September 22nd, Vice President Dan Quayle accused that Tupac’s 2Pacalypse Now "has no place in our society." Next year on February 1, 1993 Tupac came out with another album. Once it was released it went platinum. It went platinum on April 19, 1995 along with 2Pacalypse Now but that went gold only. On July 23, 1993 Tupac makes his second movie appearance on John Singleton’s Poetic Justice. Just before filming the movie Janet makes 2Pac take an HIV test before kissing him in any scenes. On Halloween of 93’ 2Pac gets arrested for shooting two-off duty police officers from Atalanta. 2Pac said that he was harassed as a black motorist. The charges were dropped. During the end of November 94’ while 2Pac is on trial for sex and weapons he was robbed $40,000 of jewelery and was shot five times. The $40,000 worth of jewelery was stolen in a recording studio in Times Square. The robbers had stole 2Pac’s $30,000 diamond ring and $10,000 of gold chains. They left his diamond-encrusted gold Rolex.

The Death Penalty Is Morally Unjustified Essay -- anti capital punishm

The earliest historical record of the death penalty otherwise known as capital punishment goes back as far as the eighteenth century B.C., when the code of King Hammurabi of Babylon listed 25 crimes which were punishable by death. Since then, the uses of the death penalty have prevailed throughout the ages in laws and justice systems of different civilizations. For instance, the Draconian Code of Athens punishes all crimes with the death penalty. During those times, the death penalty involved suffering a gruesome death such as being burnt alive, impaling, crucifixion and stoning (Death Penalty Information Center, 2011). In America, capital punishment was first implemented with the arrival of early European settlers as a form of punishment for various serious crimes. Although the scope of crime punishable by death penalty differs among the states, many states used to follow the British codes of conduct which declares 13 crimes to be punishable by the death penalty (Information Plus, 1995, â€Å"Capital punishment: cruel and unusual?†). Currently, death penalty has been abolished in many countries except for roughly 25 countries which carried out execution in year 2009 (antideathpealty.org, 2011). In America as of year 2011, the death penalty has been abolished in 4 states, leaving 34 other states still practicing it. However, the number of executions and death sentence has decreased tremendously over the years. (Dieter, 2011) With the European Union and the Human Right Watch pressing for the abolishment of death penalty, there is much disparity and debate among the citizens of the United States of America on whether the death penalty should be continued or abolished. For the advocates of the death penalty, they champion death ... ...://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/documents/StruckByLightning.pdf> Information Plus, (1995), ‘Capital Punishment: Cruel And Unusual?’, in Braid, R.M. and Rosenbaum, S.E., Punishment And The Death Penalty, 1st edition, Prometheus Books, New York, pg.103-110. Morgan, E. (2011), ‘The Death Penalty Does Not Deliver Justice’, in Friedman, L.S., The Death Penalty, Thomson Gale, Farmington Hills, pg.52-63 Reiman, J.F. (1995), ‘Reiman: Answering Van Den Haag’, in Baird, R.M. and Rosenbaum, S.E., Punishment And The Death Penalty: The Current Debate, Prometheus Books, New York, pg. 175-205 Sheffer, S. (2006), ‘The Death Penalty is Unjust’ in Friedman, L.S., The Death Penalty, Thomson Gale, Farmington Hills, pg. 25-31. Trumbach, T. (2011), ‘The Death Penalty Does Not Violate Human Rights’ in Friedman, L.S., The Death Penalty, Thomson Gale, Farmington Hills, pg.79-83

Sustainable Improvements In Forest Conservation Environmental Sciences Essay

As in many parts of the Torrid Zones natural resources in general and peculiarly woods in Kenya are under terrible menaces. Rising demand for agricultural and timber production is seting force per unit area on the state ‘s forest resources. The other chief cardinal ground for this loss is that land users typically receive no compensation for the environmental services they generate for others. The loss of woods has been accompanied by a loss of many valuable services that forests provide such as C segregation, biodiversity preservation, and watershed protection. Currently at Mt Kenya there is a wood based preservation direction going-on through payment for environmental service strategies. Current thoughts of PES are emerging to counterbalance forest land proprietors for their land usage determinations towards sustainable forest preservation. PES ‘s are thought to widen an efficient mechanism for advancing and financing forest preservation by cut downing the force per uni t area of deforestation and debasement. In a comprehendible linguistic communication, the survey trades with sustainable betterments in forest preservation under PES strategy with peculiar mention to Mt Kenya natural forest modesty. More specifically, it tries to place the influence of PES with regard to raising environmental consciousness and development of new signifiers of support. Background of the survey In order to advance the preservation of specific physical natural resources at that place has been a long history of instruments designed to pay land proprietors straight in order to promote peculiar land direction patterns ( Sierra et al, 2006 ) . The old conventional preservation instruments have targeted, at changing grade, either at incorporate preservation ( preservation plus development ) or direct preservation ( preservation merely ) . Of these instruments integrated preservation and development undertakings ( ICDPs ) and sustainable wood direction ( SFM ) were the two major conventional attacks that have emerged to at the same time increase local incomes and conserve the forest ( Salafsky & A ; Wollenberg, 2000 ; Pearce et Al. 2003 ; Wunder, 2005 ) . These attacks aspire to unite societal development with preservation ends ( Hughes & A ; Flintan, 2001 ) . Payment for environmental service emerged partially in response to the perceived limited effectivity of holistic, indirect, non-conditional attacks, including ICDPs and SFM ( Wunder et al, 2009 ) . Compared to these attacks PES promise increased efficiency and increased effectiveness, as good increased equity in the distribution of costs and benefits ( Pagiola et al, 2002 ) . Experience with market based instruments has shown that PES can take to sustainable environmental betterments at significantly lower cost than conventional attacks, while making positive inducements for continual invention and betterments ( Pagiola et al, 2005 ) . Unlike the bid and control ordinance and environmental revenue enhancements conventional preservation instruments PES is based on the beneficiary-pays instead than the polluter-pays rule, and as such is attractive in scenes where ES suppliers are hapless, marginalized landowners or powerful groups of histrions ( Engel et al, 2008 ) . In a planetary context of stagnating or even diminishing public support for biodiversity preservation, PES have the possible both to raise some new financess, and to absorb more expeditiously money antecedently spent otherwise ( Wunder et al, 2009 ) . Recent old ages have seen considerable involvement in utilizing PES to finance preservation throughout the universe ( Landell-Mills & A ; Porras, 2002 ) . It is portion of a new and more direct preservation paradigm, explicitly acknowledging the demand of to bridge the involvements of landholders and foreigners ( Wunder, 2005 ) . PES has gained impulse after the Rio acme in 1992 and the confirmation of the Kyoto protocol in 1997 ( Yonas, 2009 ) . PES is a widely and progressively proposed scheme for developing economic inducements for biodiversity preservation in a scope of societal and ecological scenes around the universe ( Wunder et al, 2008 ; Nelson et Al, 2009 ) . Primarily it is been promoted across the development universe to back up environmental stewardship forest-based landscapes, and to turn to the bing instability between ingestion and resource preservation ( MEA, 2005 ; Kosoy et Al, 2007 ) . In developing universes PES are progressively used for advancing environmental preservation, and their impacts on local development are of considerable involvement ( Locatelli et al, 2008 ) . Many PES experiences in developing states are coming from Latin America. Costa Rica was the first developing state to hold implemented a nation-wide plan of payments for environmental services ( Engel, 2006 ) . With this pioneered PES undertaking wood proprietors are paid for the figure of hectare of forest they conserve irrespective of the quality and sum of environmental services delivered ( Wunder et al, 2009 ) . Africa ‘s engagement in all sort of PES undertakings is the lowest when compared to other parts of the universe, though late involvement in execution of PES is increasing. Harmonizing to Ferraro ( 2007 ) , Africa ‘s portion in the planetary C segregation was merely three per centum in 2003 and 2004. As stated on Jindal et Al ( 2008 ) out of 19 C segregation undertakings in Africa, seven are based in Kenya, Uganda or Tanzania which indicates East Africa is presently the favoured finish for international C investors. Porras et Al ( 2008 ) besides reported that o ut of the entire 42 payments for watershed services operated in developing universe merely 5 are implemented in Africa. It is by and large accepted that many woods provide a scope of environmental services which are thought to be among the most of import benefits that woods provide ( Maryanne et al, 2005 ) . There are four common types of payment for forest environmental services including C segregation, watershed protection, biodiversity, and landscape beauty ( Grieg-Gran et Al, 2005 ) . However, watershed protection, biodiversity preservation, and C segregation are routinely mentioned as justifications for forest preservation, or as cardinal standards and indexs of sustainable forest direction ( Pagiola et al, 2002 ) . The thought behind all of these PES strategies is unvarying. Those who provide ES should be compensated for the cost they incur in supplying services or for presenting land direction system which can profit the community and protect the wood ( Hall, 2008 ) . Statement of the job and justification Many believe that PES can supply powerful inducements and efficient agencies of conserving woods, while at the same clip offering new beginnings of income to back up rural developments ( Pagiola et al, 2002 ) . Assuming that the entire benefits of forest preservation additions well, it is presently likely that local wood proprietors will take to conserve woods ( Pagiola, 2008 ) . However despite turning involvement in utilizing PES many inquiries remain about the best manner to plan such strategies. There is still limited apprehension of how and under what conditions payments for environmental services will take to sustainable betterments in forest preservation and it ‘s utilizations. Potentially PES can take to sustainable betterments in forest preservation if it consequences in sing it raises environmental consciousness and the development of new signifiers of support that cut down force per unit areas. The two major conventional attacks ( ICDP and SFM ) has integrated environmental awareness raising as one of their thematic countries to work on ; PES initiatives besides focus on raising the awareness degree of the community on sustainable forest preservation and direction ( FAO et al. 2003 ) . As such, enhanced local consciousness enables better-informed decision-making and improves chances for partnerships between forestry and local land proprietors to prolong the preservation and usage of woods over the long term. Much of the theoretical PES literature references that the execution of PES strategy may move as an instrument to raise environmental consciousness by apportioning touchable economic values to services which by and large have no monetary value assigned to them ( FAO, 2004 ) . Contrary to this theoretical position, research undertaken on PES undertakings in developing states show that the degree of awareness creative activity is low even if participants get some sum of i ncome from the undertaking ( Alvaro-Brenes and Welsh, 2006 ) . The support of rural occupants in developing states is strongly tied with healthy ecosystem. Many of the ecosystems which generate valuable environmental services are degraded or under the menace of debasement ( MEA, 2005 ) . One of the chief grounds for the debasement of these ecosystems is that local resource proprietors do non hold adequate stimulation to pull off the ecosystem which provide services to others without been compensated. Thus PES, which is a market goaded preservation strategy, is designed to give inducements for land users ( ecosystem service suppliers ) to forestall the on-going ecosystem debasement and to better the community ‘s support signifiers ( Wunder, 2008 ) . Many research findings pointed out the possible advantages of implementing PES. It does take to the development of new signifiers of support that cut down force per unit area on forest resources. Noordwijk et Al ( 2008 ) on their analysis of pro hapless PES undertakings indicated that alteration s in the support signifiers will hold huge influence on the effectivity and efficiency of PES strategies on sustainable betterments of forest preservation. Furthermore, FAO ( 2004 ) highlighted the inter dependance of PES effectivity and community ‘s support background. Despite the above mentioned benefits and advancements made on the PES strategy, in pattern, it has non produced consequences in proposing enhanced local consciousness raising and development of new signifiers of support that reduces force per unit areas. There are really few forest preservation PES undertakings implemented in Africa and their nonsubjective with regard to raising consciousness and part to sustainable signifiers of support is non yet achieved ( Ferraro, 2007 ) . This survey covers the probe of the impact of PES on raising consciousness and development of new signifiers of support at Mt Kenya natural forest preservation PES undertakings. Apparently there is limited apprehension of how to plan PES to ensue in sustainable betterments of forest preservation and its utilizations. The socio-economic status of the communities, the characteristic characteristics of the wood and the engagement of different stakeholders makes analyzing PES strategies in Mt Kenya natural forest w orthwhile to look into the two conditions under which PES will potentially take to sustainable betterments in forest preservation. Aims of the survey General aim of the survey The chief aim of this survey will be to look into under what conditions will payments for environmental services lead to sustainable betterments in the forest preservation and usage of forest resources. Specific research inquiries of the survey Does community-based PES consequence in the development of environmental consciousness raising? Does community-based PES consequence in the development of new signifiers of sustainable support that cut down force per unit area on the forest resources? Working hypotheses of the survey The specific research inquiries of this survey will hold the undermentioned on the job hypothesis: Community based PES does non ensue in the development of environmental awareness creative activity. Community based PES does non ensue in the development of new signifiers of support that reduces force per unit area on the forest resources. Research design and methods Proposed design and conceptual model of the survey Conceptual logic of PES Fig. 1.A The logic of payments for environmental services which is adapted from Pagiola and Platais, 2007 S. Pagiola and G. Platais, Payments for Environmental Services: From Theory to Practice, World Bank, Washington ( 2007 ) .Pagiola and Platais ( 2007 ) . Beginning: Engel et Al, 2008. Harmonizing to Wunder ( 2005 ) the literature so far does non usually define PES, which contributes to some conceptual confusion. He defined PES strategy as ( 1 ) a voluntary dealing where ( 2 ) a chiseled environmental service ( or a land usage likely to procure that service ) ( 3 ) is being ‘bought ‘ by a ( minimal one ) service purchaser ( 4 ) from a ( minimal one ) service supplier ( 5 ) if and merely if the service supplier secures service proviso ( conditionality ) ( Wunder, 2005 ) . Following Wunder ‘s ( 2005 ) definition of PES Pagiola and Platais ( 2007 ) developed stupefying conceptual logic of PES strategy in a graphical representation. The land proprietors have different profitable land usage options than forest preservation on their land such as grazing land and agribusiness. From figure 1 above, local land proprietors frequently receive few benefits from land utilizations, for illustration, forest preservation and these benefits are often less than the benefits they would have from alternate land utilizations, such as transition to cropland or grazing land ( Engel et al, 2008 ) . As stated by Pagiola and Platais ( 2007 ) the transition to cropland or deforestation can enforce costs on downstream populations and on the planetary community. As a consequence the downstream population will no longer have the benefits of wood services and the planetary community will lose advantages from forest preservation. To do forest preservation the more profitable determination option than other alternate land usage land directors must be compensated for the chance cost they would incur when they conserve forest land. The proprietors need to internalise the negative outwardnesss to the local population and planetary community through compensation/incentives. In consequence, PES plans attempt to set into pattern the Coase theorem, which stipulates that the jobs of external effects can, under certain conditions, be overcome through private dialogue between affected parties ( Coase, 1960 R.H. Coase, The job of societal cost, Journal of Law and Economics 3 ( 1960 ) , pp. 1-44. Full Text via CrossRefCoase, 1960 ; Engel et Al, 2008 ) . The inducement should non be less than the chance cost of keeping the current land utilizations and should non be more than the benefit generated out of it. In add-on to doing forest preservation an attractive determination option the pecuniary inducements generated for internalising the outwardnesss of forest preservation have multi dimensional deductions. The extra income earned for conserving the wood has assorted influences on the socio-economic determination doing activity of local land proprietors. It creates consciousness about importance of the forest, by giving value to ES which did non hold any market value. It besides motivates land proprietors to be involved in tree planting and forest preservation. Furthermore, the excess income generated aids to develop new signifiers of support that would cut down the force per unit area on forest resources at local degree. Awareness raising attack as a model Though there is no formal definition of what the impression really means, consciousness raising refers to alarming the general populace that a certain issue exists and should be approached the manner the group desires. FAO ( 2003 ) explained awareness raising construct as ‘a multi-way communicating and interaction procedure which empowers people. This provides the footing for long-run dealingss and partnerships between the wood sector and the populace, and enables better informed determination doing ‘ . This on the job definition makes it clear that the procedure of consciousness elevation is different from any one-way flow of information or communicating procedure.acknowledge the jobplace the contextdefine opportunismgather and exchange informationbetter self-understanding of the state of affairsconstruct trust in decision-makingtravel beyond the obvious and accustomedinvent new solutions and balances of involvementdevelop new relationshipsmobilise willingness to movegat her equal resourcesfoster new partnershipsalteration societal attitude and behaviorproctor advancement in executionevaluate consequencesRaise people ‘s attending and involvementIncrease people ‘s ability to implement the alterationImprove populace cognition and apprehensionImplement the alteration and measure advancementIncrease societal accomplishments and competences for alterationFigure 2. Raising awareness as a agency to enable societal alterations ( Initially developed by the squad and subsequently adapted harmonizing to Giordan ( 1996 ) ) . Beginning: FAO, 2003 The societal facets of PES strategy have non yet been given as much attending as the economic and ecological facets. Too frequently PES strategy is hampered by misconception, woods and their services are undervalued because of deficiency of consciousness. Therefore in order to back up sustainable betterments in forest preservation raising public consciousness is the important first measure for many on the way to understanding the issues and a better grasp of the benefits good managed woods provide ( FAO, 2003 ) . It can besides beef up the willingness of the society to back up sustainable forest preservation. The sustainable supports attack as a model Miranda et Al ( 2003 ) have studied the societal impact of the PES strategy at Costa Rica based on the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach ( SLA ) , looking at the impacts on the different signifiers of support practiced by the communities. The SL model was adapted from a theoretical account developed by the UK ‘s Department for International Development ( DFID ) in the late ninetiess as a wide conceptual model or as a practical tool for planing plans and rating schemes ( DFID, 1999 ; Murray et Al, 2001 ) . The SLA is a manner to better our apprehension of supports, peculiarly the supports of the hapless ( UNDP, 1999 ) and it can be used in be aftering new development ( or preservation ) activities and in measuring the part that bing activities have made to prolonging supports ( IFAD, 2009 ) . Figure 3. The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach ( Initially developed by DFID ) . Beginning: UNDP, 1999 The model positions people as operating in a context of exposure to the environment which influences the support signifiers – ways of combine and utilizing assets – that are unfastened to people in chase of good support results that meet their ain support aims ( DFID, 1999 ) . The different type of intercessions at authorities administrations, private sector, Torahs, civilization, policies and establishments degrees affect the support signifiers adopted and influence support results ( Miranda et al, 2003 ) . Study country Mt Kenya ( 5,199A meters ( 17,057A foot ) ) , Africa ‘s 2nd highest extremum after Kilimanjaro ( 5,895 meters or 19,341A foot ) , straddles the equator about 193 kilometers ( kilometer ) north-east of Nairobi and about 480km from the Kenya seashore. It is regarded as the kingdom of Ngai, God of the local Kikuyu and Meru people. They call it Kirinyaga, or topographic point of visible radiation. They believe that their traditional God Ngai and his married woman Mumbi live on the extremum of the mountain and utilize it for their traditional rites. Mount Kenya is besides the beginning of the name of the Republic of Kenya. The forested inclines in Mt Kenya ecosystem are an of import beginning of H2O for much of Kenya which provides H2O straight for over 2 million people. It is the chief H2O catchment country for two big rivers in Kenya ; theA Tana, the largest river in Kenya, and the Ewaso Ng'iso North. Mount Kenya has several distinguishable natural ecological zones, between the savanna environing the mountain to the nival zone by the glaciers. Each zone has a diverse species of zoology and vegetations due to the differences in height, rainfall, facet and temperature. It ‘s described as one of the most impressive landscapes in Eastern Africa with its rugged glacier-clad acmes, Afro-alpine moorlands and diverse woods that illustrate outstanding ecological procedures ( KWS, 2010 ) .A Many of the species found in Mt Kenya are endemic, either to Mount Kenya or East Africa, and are extremely specialised ( Bussmann, 1994 ) . Approximately three-fourthss of Afro-alpine flora are endemic. The montane forest around Mount Kenya is full of a assortment of species and many species ofA animalsA live in theA montane wood. A An country of 715A square kilometers ( 276A sqA myocardial infarction ) around the Centre of the mountain is designated as aA National Park, most of which is above the 3,000A meters ( 9,800A foot ) contour lineA and the forest modesty has an country of 705A square kilometers ( 272A sqA myocardial infarction ) . In 1978 the national park and the forest modesty, combined, are listed as UNESCO World Heritage Site 1,420A square kilometers ( 548A sqA myocardial infarction ) ( IUCN, 1997 ) . Mount Kenya National Park, established in 1949, protects the part environing the mountain. Initially it was a forest modesty earlier been announced as a national park. Presently the national park is within the forest modesty which encircles it. The country is being managed by the authorities ( both by Kenya Wildlife Service andA ForestryA Department ( the now called Kenya Forest Service ) ) . The authorities of Kenya had four grounds for making a national park and denominating forest modesty on and around Mt Kenya natural wood. These were the importance of touristry for the local and national economic systems, to continue an country of great scenic beauty, to conserve the biodiversity within the park, and to continue the H2O catchments for the environing country ( UNEP, 2008 ) . In this country most of the PES enterprises has been organized and facilitated by the Forestry Department ( Kenya Forest Service ) and Kenya Wildlife Service. Map1. The location of Mt Kenya national park and natural wood modesty Data Requirement Both secondary and primary informations will be collected for the survey. Secondary informations on different literatures will be obtained from establishments, studies, surveies, and other published and unpublished stuffs found to be relevant for the survey. The variables on which primary informations are required for this survey will be categorized in to the followers: Socio-economic features of sample local land directors Land directors ‘ consciousness degree on the forest environmental services and its preservation due to PES New sustainable signifiers of support resulted due to PES Data aggregation method From the practical experience of Miranda et Al ( 2003 ) there will be an explorative informal treatment with local PES facilitators and the province Forest Department ( now Kenya Forest Service ) for puting up the survey informations aggregation sites. The PES strategy at Mt Kenya natural wood is being implemented at the buffer zones of the Mt Kenya national Parkss and natural forested countries. Locatelli et Al ( 2008 ) and Miranda et Al ( 2003 ) stratified the families into categories based on land keeping size to measure the impact of PES on local development and socio-economic features. The ground why they have used land keeping size as base of stratification is PES in Costa Rica, where they conducted the survey, is implemented on the private land and has deduction of wealth. However PES strategy at Mt Kenya is implemented on the communal land and the engagement of local land directors is determined by their distance from the wood. Stratification for this survey will be based on the distance that the local land directors are located from the wood. Based on the participants distance from the forest in different zones the samples will be indiscriminately selected at most from three divisions of zones. Sample-size finding is frequently an of import measure in be aftering a statistical study-and it is normally a hard one ( Lenth, 2001 ) . However, given the practicality and logistical concerns of the sample size finding the survey will be of equal size, comparative to the ends of the survey. The interview will be carried out for 5 hebdomads get downing from the first hebdomad of June 2010. Semi-structured interview will be conducted with local land directors. Many research workers have employed semi-structured interview for their survey, for case, Carter ( 2009 ) , Corbera et Al ( 2006 ) , Locatelli et Al ( 2008 ) and Sommerville et Al ( 2009 ) ( with focal point group ) employed this method to look into the socio-economic facets of PES strategy. In qualitative questioning semi-structured format is preferred to structured interview because of its flexibleness ( Bryman, 2004 ) , and it allows the research worker to detect what the survey populations perceive to be of import and gives participants some opportunities to hold control over the interview experience ( Lam, 2002 ; Yonas, 2009 ) . Semi structured interviews with little focal point groups will besides be conducted. The focal point group method is an interview in which interviewees are selected because they are kno wn to hold been involved in peculiar state of affairs ( Bryman, 2004 ) . Consequently the little focal point groups will be from local PES organisers and facilitators at Mt Kenya and the province forestry organisation ( Kenya Forest Service ) . Method of informations analysis Because qualitative informations deducing from interviews or participant observation typically take the signifier of big principal of unstructured textual stuff, they are non directly frontward to analyze ( Bryman, 2004 ) . In our survey the qualitative and descriptive statistical analysis will be used. To prove the significance of the new supports developed and awareness raised by PES activities, the collected information on both variables will be analyzed utilizing appropriate computer-assisted qualitative informations analysis package ( CAQDAS ) and the relevant statistical trial will be employed. SLA attack will be used as a model in order to measure the impact of PES strategy on the signifiers of local community support. We will compare the current new support signifiers with the baseline support signifier that would happen without the PES strategy. The local land directors will be asked how their support signifiers developed since the beginning of the execution of PES strategy at their community. Locatelli et Al ( 2008 ) evaluated the impact of the payment for environmental services PSA on local developments in northern Costa Rica by comparing the current state of affairs with the baseline state of affairs that would hold occurred without the PSA. In order to measure the impact of PES strategy on consciousness creative activity the method used by Yonas ( 2009 ) will be applied. He grouped the consciousness degree into four classs: really high, high, low and really low consciousness degrees, based on the figure of environmental services they are cognizant, that the wood can bring forth, after their engagement in PES strategy. Consequently those who mention more than four forest Einsteinium are ranked under really high consciousness degree, followed by those who mention three and two ES under high and low consciousness degrees severally. Finally, those who mention merely one ES and who do non hold any thought about ES will be ranked under really low consciousness degree. Furthermore, information from both local land directors and the focal point group will be used to set about the rating of the impact of PES on societal apprehension, societal attitude and behavior about PES strategy as both preservation attack and development at tack. Based on FAO ( 2003 ) standard the effectivity and influence of consciousness raising signifiers and agencies will besides be considered in the rating of PES strategy on awareness creative activity. Expected result of the survey We would anticipate this field-based survey to bring forth necessary findings required for the future facilitation of PES strategy in order to accomplish sustainable betterments in forest preservation and its utilizations. More specifically the expected result of the survey would be an reply for the limited apprehension of how to plan PES strategy to ensue in sustainable betterments of forest preservation and its utilizations. 4. Work program and timeline Table 1. An lineation of the work program is as follows: Activity Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Draft research program presentation Final research program Secondary literature study Literature reappraisal composing Field informations aggregation Datas analysis First concluding daft Concluding entry Resources In order to set about the survey at Mt Kenya natural forest the pupil has got a travel award 2010 from Natural Resources International Foundation. The insurance strategy and scholarship award from European Union under Erasmus Mundus plan has besides great parts during the field visit. The necessary information and counsel obtained from Lecturer DR. Julia Jones has been assisting the pupil in set uping the surveies.